Sunday, July 12, 2009

important name reactions of organic chemistry

Hey, i have made an organic chemisty note for aipmt aspirants. Plzz download it from the below link. It is a 4 mb small book.


http://www.mediafire.com/?sharekey=b68975e8be6135b7e7c82ed4b8f0c380e04e75f6e8ebb871

these are the reaction which i've tried to explain..

1. Duma’s method*

2. Kheldahl’s method*

3. Liebig’s method*

4. carius method (for X, S, P)*

5. soda lime test*

6. Lassaigne’s test ( for N and X)*

7. Beilstein’s test *

8. Birch reduction*

9. Kolbe’s electrolytic method*

10. hydroboration oxidation*

11. oxymercuration demercuration*

12. ozonalysis*

13. Oxo process

14. sabateir and sendren’s reduction

15. friedel craft’s alkylation and acylation*

16. wurtz reaction*

17. frankland reaction

18. Fittig reaction

19. Wurtz fittig reaction

20. berthelot synthesis

21. kucherov reaction

22. wacker oxidation

23. diels alder reaction

24. finkelstein reaction*

25. swartz reaction*

26. Diazotisation*

27. sandmaeyer’s reaction*

28. gatterman’s reaction*

29. Balzscheiman reaction*

30. Williamson synthesis*

31. Dow’s process*

32. Ulmann reaction

33. Iodoform test *

34. borodine hunsdiecker reaction

35. Raschig process

36. grove’s process

37. luca’s test*

38. wohl-zeigler reaction

39. corey house reaction

40. darzen process

41. cumene process*

42. fisher mechanism for esterification

43. reimer-tiemann reaction*

44. kolbe’s reaction*

45. schotten boumann reaction*

46. coupling reaction*

47. gatterman aldehyde synthesis*

48. MPV reduction*

49. grignard synthesis

50. rosenmund reduction*

51. stephen’s reduction*

52. gatterman koch aldehyde synthesis

53. etard process*

54. acetal formation*

55. aldol condensation*

56. cannizaro’s reaction*

57. clemmenson reduction*

58. wolff kisner reduction*

59. silver mirror test*

60. fehlings test*

61. benedicts test*

62. oppenauer oxidation

63. HVZ reaction*

64. hoffman’s bromamide reaction*

65. perkin reaction

66. claisen condensation

67. benzoin condensation

68. ardert eistert reaction

69. wittig reaction

70. victor mayer test*

71. zinin’s reduction

72. Gabrielle pthalimide synthesis*

73. hinsberg test*

74. isocyanide test*

75. leiberman nitroso test*

76. hoffman elimination reaction

77. schimidt reaction

78. curtius reaction

79. hoffman mustard oil reaction

80. demzenov rearrangement

81. allylic rearrangement

82. baeyer viliger rearrangement

83. fries rearrangement

84. claisen rearrangement

85. pinacole-pinacolone rearrangement

86. beckman’s rearrangement

87. hoffman’s rearrangement

88. wolff rearrangement

89. dienone phenol rearrangement

90. wagner meerwein rearrangement

91. benzyl-benzilic acid rearrangement

Saturday, July 11, 2009

ROOTS

ROOTS

  • Nodes and internodes absent
  • Buds absent in roots

{present in sweet potato (Ipomea batata) and Indian rose wood (Dalbergia sisso also called as shisham)… These buds are called radical buds }

  • Root cap is a protective single layer

*** root cap is multiple layered in screwpine ( Pandanus )

*** it is absent in hydrophytes as such but present as root pockets

Actually, root cap in form of loose sheaths is called as root pockets

Eg. Pistia, Eichhornia, Lemna

  • Root hairs : elongations of some special epidermal cells called trichoblast cells (tricho in latin means hair, blast is used for parent cell, like fibroblast , erythroblast etc. )
  • Epidermis of root : rhizodermis (rhizo means roots)

  • Two types
  1. Tap root : root which arises from radical of seed. It is deep feeder and present in dicots(generally)
  2. Adventitious roots: made by any part other than radical eg. Stem, leaf etc. It is surface feeder and mostly present in monocots.

  • Primary root= elongation of radical
  • Secondary root = branches of primary root
  • Tertiary root = branches of secondary root
  • Rootlets = branches of tertiary root

Modifications…

Modifications of tap root

èFor storage

a) fusiform :

spindle shaped

eg. Radish (Raffanus sativus)

b) conical :

cone shaped

eg Carrot (Dauscus carota)

c) Tuberous:

eg 4’o clock plant (Mirabilis) \\ humorous common name naa??? I too laughed a lot at it when I had to study all these \\

d) Napiform:

Broad at one end, tapers at another end.

Eg: Turnip (Brassica rapa) eg2: Beet root (Beta vulgaris)

è Respiratory roots (pneumatophores): mangrove plants like Avicennia, Sonneritia

These help in gaseous exchange. And they are negatively (-ve) geotropic (anti gravitational movement. i.e move opposite to gravity )

è Nodulated roots

Rhizobium bacteria is present in the nodules

Eg. Legume plants.

Aerorhizobium present in Sesbania plant in which stem nodules are formed. In the same plant, rhizobium are also present in their root nodules.

Modifications of adventitious roots

è For storage

i) Tuberous

Eg. Sweet potato ( Ipomea batata)

ii) Fasciculated roots

*** Fascicula = group ( many group tubers present)

Eg Asparagus, Dahlia

iii) Palmate roots

*** Looks like palm of hand

Eg. Orchis

iv) Beaded roots ( monoliform roots)

*** swellings at regular intervals present

Eg. Vitis

v) Nodulose roots

*** swelling at one end of root

Eg. Mango ginger (Curcuma amanda)

v) Annulated roots

*** Ring like

Eg. Ipecac.

è for mechanical support

i) Prop roots

*** Pillar like

Eg. Banyan tree ( Ficus benghalensis) , Ficus genus in general

*** In banyan tree, these are hygroscopic in nature. It turns red on absorbing water

ii) Stilt roots / Brace roots

Originate from lower nodes of stem.

Obliquely enter the soil

Support complete stem

Eg. Jowar, Sugarcane etc. (most of the monocots)

iii) Butress roots / Plank roots

Originate from base of stem

Eg. Bamboo ( Bombax)

iv) Climbing roots

eg. Money plant (Pothos)

è Adventitious roots performing other special functions

i) Respiratory roots

Eg. Jussiaea

*** Not to be confused with pneumatophores which are modifications of tap root, but it too performs respiration.

ii) Assimilatory roots

*** Roots perform photosynthesis, make food.

Eg. Water chestnut (Trapa , also known as singhara in hindi)

Eg. Spring plant (Tinospora)

iii) Parasitic roots / Haustorial roots

Help in absorption of food and water from other plants

Haustoria enters vascular bundles of the host

Eg. Cuscuta

iv) Hygroscopic roots

Moisture absorbing roots

By help of dead hygroscopic tissue called velamen

Eg. Orchid

*** Velamen has multiple epidermis (usually, only single epidermal layer is present)

v) Nest roots

Nest à Modification of leaf

Humus rich soil present in nest.

Adventitious roots enter into nest called nest root

Absorption of water and minerals takes place

Eg. Dischidia rafflesiana

vi) Foliar roots

Developed from leaves

Eg Bigonia (for balancing)

è Buyashacka!!!!

i) Utricularia, Podostemon and epipogium have no roots

ii) Flowering roots are present in monotrapa